Optimizing Storage for Version Control

Introduction

This vignette focuses on what git2rdata does to make storing dataframes under version control more efficient and convenient. vignette("plain_text", package = "git2rdata") describes all details on the actual file format. Hence we will not discuss the optimize and na arguments to the write_vc() function.

We will not illustrate the efficiency of write_vc() and read_vc(). vignette("efficiency", package = "git2rdata") covers those topics.

Setup

# Create a directory in tempdir
root <- tempfile(pattern = "git2r-")
dir.create(root)
# Create dummy data
set.seed(20190222)
x <- data.frame(
  x = sample(LETTERS),
  y = factor(
    sample(c("a", "b", NA), 26, replace = TRUE),
    levels = c("a", "b", "c")
  ),
  z = c(NA, 1:25),
  abc = c(rnorm(25), NA),
  def = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE, NA), 26, replace = TRUE),
  timestamp = seq(
    as.POSIXct("2018-01-01"),
    as.POSIXct("2019-01-01"),
    length = 26
  ),
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
str(x)
#> 'data.frame':    26 obs. of  6 variables:
#>  $ x        : chr  "V" "U" "Z" "W" ...
#>  $ y        : Factor w/ 3 levels "a","b","c": 1 2 NA NA 1 NA 2 1 NA 1 ...
#>  $ z        : int  NA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
#>  $ abc      : num  -0.382 -0.42 -0.917 0.387 -0.992 ...
#>  $ def      : logi  TRUE FALSE NA FALSE NA NA ...
#>  $ timestamp: POSIXct, format: "2018-01-01 00:00:00" "2018-01-15 14:24:00" ...

Assumptions

A critical assumption made by git2rdata is that the dataframe itself contains all information. Each row is an observation, each column is a variable. The dataframe has colnames but no rownames. This implies that two observations switching place does not alter the information content. Nor does switching two variables.

Version control systems like git, subversion or mercurial focus on accurately keeping track of any change in the files. Two observations switching place in a plain text file is a change, although the information content1 doesn’t change. git2rdata helps the user to prepare the plain text files in such a way that any change in the version history is an actual change in the information content.

Sorting Observations

Version control systems often track changes in plain text files based on row based differences. In layman’s terms they record lines removed from and inserted in the file at what location. Changing an existing line implies removing the old version and inserting the new one. The minimal example below illustrates this.

Original version

A,B
1,10
2,11
3,12

Altered version. The row containing 1, 10 moves to the last line. The row containing 3,12 changed to 3,0.

A,B
2,11
3,0
1,10

Diff between original and altered version. Notice than we have a deletion of two lines and two insertions.

A,B
-1,10
2,11
-3,12
+3,0
+1,10

Ensuring that the observations are always sorted in the same way thus helps minimizing the diff. The sorted version of the same altered version looks like the example below.

A,B
1,10
2,11
3,0

Diff between original and the sorted alternate version. Notice that all changes revert to actual changes in the information content. Another benefit is that changes are easily spotted in the diff. A deletion without insertion on the next line is a removed observation. An insertion without preceding deletion is a new observation. A deletion followed by an insertion is an updated observation.

A,B
1,10
2,11
-3,12
+3,0

This is where the sorting argument comes into play. If this argument is not provided when writing a file for the first time, it will yield a warning about the lack of sorting. write_vc() then writes the observations in their current order. New versions of the file will not apply any sorting either, leaving this burden to the user. The changed hash for the data file illustrates this in the example below. The metadata hash remains the same.

library(git2rdata)
write_vc(x, file = "row_order", root = root)
#> Warning: No sorting applied.
#> Sorting is strongly recommended in combination with version control.
#> 7fed986e0f5c218e3d0a4f0cc434bd87bb1e5f82 f8350dc218051af4bafcd8872d92b1a29cbb4f31 
#>                          "row_order.tsv"                          "row_order.yml"
write_vc(x[sample(nrow(x)), ], file = "row_order", root = root)
#> Warning: No sorting applied.
#> Sorting is strongly recommended in combination with version control.
#> 49be6d1703aff410e0b4472b888d7ba8ad3e3cab f8350dc218051af4bafcd8872d92b1a29cbb4f31 
#>                          "row_order.tsv"                          "row_order.yml"

sorting should contain a vector of variable names. The observations are automatically sorted along these variables. Now we get an error because the set of sorting variables has changed. The metadata stores the set of sorting variables. Changing the sorting can potentially lead to large diffs, which git2rdata tries to avoid as much as possible.

From this moment on we will store the output of write_vc() in an object reduce output.

fn <- write_vc(x, "row_order", root, sorting = "y")
#> Warning: Sorting on 'y' results in ties.
#> Add extra sorting variables to ensure small diffs.
#> Error: The data was not overwritten because of the issues below.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - The sorting variables changed.
#>     - Sorting for the new data: 'y'.
#>     - Sorting for the old data: .

Using strict = FALSE turns such errors into warnings and allows to update the file. Notice that we get a new warning: the variable we used for sorting resulted in ties, thus the order of the observations is not guaranteed to be stable. The solution is to use more or different variables. We’ll need strict = FALSE again to override the change in sorting variables.

fn <- write_vc(x, "row_order", root, sorting = "y", strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Sorting on 'y' results in ties.
#> Add extra sorting variables to ensure small diffs.
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - The sorting variables changed.
#>     - Sorting for the new data: 'y'.
#>     - Sorting for the old data: .
fn <- write_vc(x, "row_order", root, sorting = c("y", "x"), strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - The sorting variables changed.
#>     - Sorting for the new data: 'y', 'x'.
#>     - Sorting for the old data: 'y'.

Once we have defined the sorting, we may omit the sorting argument when writing new versions. write_vc uses the sorting as defined in the existing metadata. It checks for potential ties. Ties results in a warning.

print_file <- function(file, root, n = -1) {
  fn <- file.path(root, file)
  data <- readLines(fn, n = n)
  cat(data, sep = "\n")
}
print_file("row_order.yml", root, 7)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting:
#>   - 'y'
#>   - x
fn <- write_vc(x[sample(nrow(x)), ], "row_order", root)
fn <- write_vc(x[sample(nrow(x)), ], "row_order", root, sorting = c("y", "x"))
fn <- write_vc(x[sample(nrow(x), replace = TRUE), ], "row_order", root)
#> Warning: Sorting on 'y', 'x' results in ties.
#> Add extra sorting variables to ensure small diffs.

Sorting Variables

The order of the variables (columns) has an even bigger impact on a row based diff. Let’s revisit our minimal example. Suppose that we swap A and B from our original example. The new data looks as below.

B,A
10,1
11,2
13,3

The resulting diff is maximal because every single row changed. Yet none of the information changed. Hence, maintaining column order is crucial when storing dataframes as plain text files under version control. The vignette("efficiency", package = "git2rdata") vignette illustrates this on a more realistic data set.

-A,B
+B,A
-1,10
+10,1
-2,11
+11,2
-3,13
+13,3

When write_vc() writes a dataframe for the first time, it stores the original order of the columns in the metadata. From that moment on, write_vc() uses the order stored in the metadata. The example below writes the same data set twice. The second version contains identical information but randomizes the order of the observations and the columns. The sorting by the internals of write_vc() will undo this randomization, resulting in an unchanged file.

write_vc(x, "column_order", root, sorting = c("x", "abc"))
#> 5080691e613a6927622819fa73a9cbc8c46e2442 cc8225b107710e24414dedee6fc04636ee0d82c6 
#>                       "column_order.tsv"                       "column_order.yml"
print_file("column_order.tsv", root, n = 5)
#> x    y   z   abc def timestamp
#> A    1   18  0.572192852110693   0   1537470720
#> B    2   14  -1.64221062655002   0   1532424960
#> C    NA  5   0.0228713954429028  NA  1521072000
#> D    2   20  -0.683183900695259  NA  1539993600
write_vc(x[sample(nrow(x)), sample(ncol(x))], "column_order", root)
#> 5080691e613a6927622819fa73a9cbc8c46e2442 cc8225b107710e24414dedee6fc04636ee0d82c6 
#>                       "column_order.tsv"                       "column_order.yml"
print_file("column_order.tsv", root, n = 5)
#> x    y   z   abc def timestamp
#> A    1   18  0.572192852110693   0   1537470720
#> B    2   14  -1.64221062655002   0   1532424960
#> C    NA  5   0.0228713954429028  NA  1521072000
#> D    2   20  -0.683183900695259  NA  1539993600

Handling Factors Optimized

vignette("plain_text", package = "git2rdata") and vignette("efficiency", package = "git2rdata") illustrate how we can store a factor more efficiently when storing their index in the data file and the indices and labels in the metadata. We take this even a bit further: what happens if new data arrives and we need an extra factor level?

old <- data.frame(color = c("red", "blue"), stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
write_vc(old, "factor", root, sorting = "color")
#> ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37 03c3898451e17cf436da59dd0e712606ea63a838 
#>                             "factor.tsv"                             "factor.yml"
print_file("factor.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: 03c3898451e17cf436da59dd0e712606ea63a838
#>   data_hash: ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blue
#>   - red
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 2
#>   ordered: no

Let’s add an observation with a new factor level. If we store the updated dataframe in a new file, we see that the indices are different. The factor level "blue" remains unchanged, but "red" becomes the third level and get index 3 instead of index 2. This could lead to a large diff whereas the potential semantics (and thus the information content) are not changed.

updated <- data.frame(
  color = c("red", "green", "blue"),
  stringsAsFactors = TRUE
)
write_vc(updated, "factor2", root, sorting = "color")
#> 74f0f3c72a5041344924bed321efedf45f5c5250 f2cc274714fef0b55e17ae432e99b73e5c880e2d 
#>                            "factor2.tsv"                            "factor2.yml"
print_file("factor2.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: f2cc274714fef0b55e17ae432e99b73e5c880e2d
#>   data_hash: 74f0f3c72a5041344924bed321efedf45f5c5250
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blue
#>   - green
#>   - red
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 2
#>   - 3
#>   ordered: no

When we try to overwrite the original data with the updated version, we get an error because there is a change in factor levels and / or indices. In this specific case, we decided that the change is OK and force the writing by setting strict = FALSE. Notice that the original labels ("blue" and "red") keep their index, the new level ("green") gets the first available index number.

write_vc(updated, "factor", root)
#> Error: The data was not overwritten because of the issues below.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - New factor labels for 'color'.
#> - New indices for 'color'.
fn <- write_vc(updated, "factor", root, strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - New factor labels for 'color'.
#> - New indices for 'color'.
print_file("factor.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: e0ed4c773b2179346042fef6f8c22c42c22a7c00
#>   data_hash: bf0c9f17b88b2e8768abc914349bb32e86503654
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blue
#>   - green
#>   - red
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 3
#>   - 2
#>   ordered: no

The next example removes the "blue" level and switches the order of the remaining levels. Notice that the meta data retains the existing indices. The order of the labels and indices reflects their new ordering.

deleted <- data.frame(
  color = factor(c("red", "green"), levels = c("red", "green"))
)
write_vc(deleted, "factor", root, sorting = "color", strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - New factor labels for 'color'.
#> - New indices for 'color'.
#> 1d15f9b5c154535e2e7d2d5cb5619af7da41a066 3cadfe4021fe5e2990d0bb057100c608e3b602fa 
#>                             "factor.tsv"                             "factor.yml"
print_file("factor.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: 3cadfe4021fe5e2990d0bb057100c608e3b602fa
#>   data_hash: 1d15f9b5c154535e2e7d2d5cb5619af7da41a066
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - red
#>   - green
#>   index:
#>   - 2
#>   - 3
#>   ordered: no

Changing a factor to an ordered factor or vice versa will also keep existing level indices.

ordered <- data.frame(
  color = factor(c("red", "green"), levels = c("red", "green"), ordered = TRUE)
)
write_vc(ordered, "factor", root, sorting = "color", strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - 'color' changes from nominal to ordinal.
#> 1d15f9b5c154535e2e7d2d5cb5619af7da41a066 57ff604596058d60e97fbb9c93ee6869f32c1850 
#>                             "factor.tsv"                             "factor.yml"
print_file("factor.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: 57ff604596058d60e97fbb9c93ee6869f32c1850
#>   data_hash: 1d15f9b5c154535e2e7d2d5cb5619af7da41a066
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - red
#>   - green
#>   index:
#>   - 2
#>   - 3
#>   ordered: yes

Relabelling a Factor

The example below will store a dataframe, relabel the factor levels and store it again using write_vc(). Notice the update of both the labels and the indices. Hence creating a large diff, where updating the labels would do.

write_vc(old, "write_vc", root, sorting = "color")
#> ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37 03c3898451e17cf436da59dd0e712606ea63a838 
#>                           "write_vc.tsv"                           "write_vc.yml"
print_file("write_vc.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: 03c3898451e17cf436da59dd0e712606ea63a838
#>   data_hash: ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blue
#>   - red
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 2
#>   ordered: no
relabeled <- old
# translate the color names to Dutch
levels(relabeled$color) <- c("blauw", "rood")
write_vc(relabeled, "write_vc", root, strict = FALSE)
#> Warning: Changes in the metadata may lead to unnecessarily large diffs.
#> See vignette('version_control', package = 'git2rdata') for more information.
#> 
#> - New factor labels for 'color'.
#> - New indices for 'color'.
#> bcf85634c3b33377842b37e4d21c3546f7572055 f6730454185caeb173c6883ce56200c376975567 
#>                           "write_vc.tsv"                           "write_vc.yml"
print_file("write_vc.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: f6730454185caeb173c6883ce56200c376975567
#>   data_hash: bcf85634c3b33377842b37e4d21c3546f7572055
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blauw
#>   - rood
#>   index:
#>   - 3
#>   - 4
#>   ordered: no

We created relabel(), which changes the labels in the meta data while maintaining their indices. It takes three arguments: the name of the data file, the root and the change. change accepts two formats, a list or a dataframe. The name of the list must match with the variable name of a factor in the data. Each element of the list must be a named vector, the name being the existing label and the value the new label. The dataframe format requires a factor, old and new variable with one row for each change in label.

write_vc(old, "relabel", root, sorting = "color")
#> ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37 03c3898451e17cf436da59dd0e712606ea63a838 
#>                            "relabel.tsv"                            "relabel.yml"
relabel("relabel", root, change = list(color = c(red = "rood", blue = "blauw")))
print_file("relabel.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: bb25c6cc455f6d8e52b7daeb176adf83d8c5b0f9
#>   data_hash: ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blauw
#>   - rood
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 2
#>   ordered: no
relabel(
  "relabel", root,
  change = data.frame(
    factor = "color", old = "blauw", new = "blue", stringsAsFactors = TRUE
  )
)
print_file("relabel.yml", root)
#> ..generic:
#>   git2rdata: 0.4.1
#>   optimize: yes
#>   NA string: NA
#>   sorting: color
#>   hash: a4050f89a749abce203ae6e1fe6b41483d385c2d
#>   data_hash: ade0e1d70155140e5115f71efae4b15b27287b37
#> color:
#>   class: factor
#>   labels:
#>   - blue
#>   - rood
#>   index:
#>   - 1
#>   - 2
#>   ordered: no

A caveat: relabel() does not make sense when the data file uses verbose storage. The verbose mode stores the factor labels and not their indices, in which case relabelling a label will always yield a large diff. Hence, relabel() requires the optimized storage.

  1. sensu git2rdata↩︎